DART mission and Hera mission
For the past 10 years, the SSPA (Space Systems for Planetary Applications) team at ISAE-SUPAERO has been actively involved in the DART and Hera missions.
two planetary defence space missions led by NASA and ESA (European Space Agency) respectively. Naomi Murdoch, a researcher in planetology at ISAE-SUPAERO, is involved in the scientific analysis and interpretation of DART data. Together with her research team, they are working on a better understanding of asteroid surfaces and their physical properties. They are also helping to prepare the operations of the Hera mission and will be involved in the scientific analyses that will follow.
DART stands for Double Asteroid Redirection Test.
This acronym stands for “Double Asteroid Redirection Test”, a full-scale planetary defence test developed by NASA and launched in 2021, with the aim of diverting an asteroid from its trajectory. It culminated in September 2022 with the DART missile probe striking the Dimorphos moon of the Didymos asteroid to deflect it.
This first attempt to deflect an asteroid was a success, with measurable effects on the orbit of Dimorphos,” recalls Naomi Murdoch. It demonstrated the feasibility of modifying the trajectory of an asteroid in the context of planetary defence.
In October 2024, the European Hera mission will begin its return journey to the Didymos and Dimorphos asteroids to characterise Dimorphos in detail by measuring its mass, composition and internal structure, as well as the size and shape of the crater left by DART.
An active and committed research team
With the aim of gaining a better understanding of asteroid surfaces and their physical properties, its team at ISAE-SUPAERO, SSPA, is actively involved in the scientific analysis and interpretation of the DART data.
“Our objective is to understand the physical properties of the Dimorphos asteroid in order to better interpret the results of the DART impact”, explains the planetary scientist.
The team has just published a number of new results in the prestigious journal Nature Communications. Remarkably, two papers were written by students from ISAE-SUPAERO: PhD students Colas Robin and Alexia Duchêne, and Master in Aerospace Engineering students Jeanne Bigot and Pauline Lombardo.
A better understanding of the physical properties of asteroids
The first article focuses on estimating the mechanical properties of the moon Dimorphos, a key piece of information for understanding and modelling the impact of DART. Colas Robin and Alexia Duchêne, both PhD students, studied the last complete image of Dimorphos captured by the DART probe before the impact and compared the boulders on its surface with images of other asteroids.
“The shape and size of boulders on the surface of planets can provide a wealth of information about the physical properties of these bodies, as well as their history,” explains Alexia Duchêne, who has just received an ESPACE grant from the Fondation des Ailes de France.
The two PhD students have also developed and applied a method that can be used for all planetary space missions using a camera. “This will enable us to apply this technique to data from the future Hera mission and we will also use it on the surface of the Martian moon Phobos with Idefix® images”, adds Colas Robin.
Their study has also shown that the boulders on Dimorphos were probably formed by one or more major impacts, helping to shed light on the fascinating life history of the binary asteroid system!
> The article: The DOI number of Robin et al. will be 10.1038/s41467-024-50147-w
Estimating the load-bearing capacity of an asteroid surface
The second article, written by Jeanne Bigot and Pauline Lombardo, two students in the Master of Aerospace Engineering programme at ISAE-SUPAERO, concerns the study of the geotechnical properties of the primary asteroid Didymos using DART images. The students worked for a year with Naomi Murdoch to assess the bearing capacity of the surface, a parameter that indicates whether an object or lander will remain on the surface or sink into it.
“This is the first time that the bearing capacity of an asteroid surface has been estimated,” says Jeanne Bigot. “We have found that the surface of Didymos will collapse much more easily than the surface of the Moon if we hit it or land on it.
Their research has identified linear grooves on the surface of Didymos, running from the poles to the equator. These are tracks formed by boulders rolling across the surface of the asteroid. “We combined our measurements of the boulder tracks with geotechnical engineering to determine the properties of the asteroid’s surface”, continues Pauline Lombardo.
And the results show that Didymos’ surface is fragile, with a load-bearing capacity 1,000 times less than that of the lunar highlands or dry sand on Earth. The higher resolution images from the Hera mission (see box) will enable us to refine this analysis and provide additional information on the traces of boulders on Didymos.
“We were able to be part of an international space mission team, which was a fantastic experience as a Masters student at ISAE-SUPAERO”, the two students enthuse.
> The article: The DOI number for Bigot, Lombardo et al. will be 10.1038/s41467-024-50149-8
Hera in the firing line
Following on from DART, the European Hera mission will begin in October 2024. It will begin its return journey to the Didymos and Dimorphos asteroids in order to characterise Dimorphos in detail by measuring its mass, composition and internal structure, as well as the size and shape of the crater left by DART.
Naomi Murdoch will be one of the leaders of the Hera data analysis group. Her team at ISAE-SUPAERO, SSPA (Space Systems for Planetary Applications), will also be involved in preparing for future operations and working on the scientific analyses that will follow.
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